![]() J Invertebr Pathol 62:226–232Ĭonnell JH (1961) Effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus, and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Dis Aquat Org 16:223–234Ĭhu FLE, La Peyre JF, Burreson CS (1993) Perkinsus marinus infection and potential defense-related activities in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica: salinity effects. ![]() J Shellfish Res 31:93–100Ĭhu FLE, Lapeyre JF (1993) Perkinsus marinus susceptibility and defense-related activities in eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica: temperature effects. Estuar Coast 31:597–604īyron KW, Smee DL (2012) Effects of flow on the behavior of the southern oyster drill Stramonita Haemastoma in response to exudates from oysters and oyster reef fauna. J Shellfish Res 23:149–155īrown K, George G, Peterson G, Thompson B, Cowan J (2008) Oyster predation by black drum varies spatially and seasonally. Mar Freshw Behav Phys 35:157–166īrown KM, McDonough M, Richardson TD (2004) Intraspecific life history variation in the southern oyster drill, Stramonita haemastoma: patterns and causes. Oecologia 147:426–433īrown KM, Stickle WB (2002) Physical constraints on the foraging ecology of a predatory snail. Bioscience 61:107–116īishop MJ, Peterson CH (2006) Direct effects of physical stress can be counteracted by indirect benefits: oyster growth on a tidal elevation gradient. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 237:157–184īeck MW et al (2011) Oyster reefs at risk and recommendations for conservation, restoration, and management. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 104:91–99īartol IK, Mann R, Luckenbach M (1999) Growth and mortality of oysters ( Crassostrea virginica) on constructed intertidal reefs: effects of tidal height and substrate level. Biol Bull 182:265–269īaker SM, Mann R (1994) Description of metamorphic phases in the oyster Crassostrea virginica and effects of hypoxia on metamorphosis. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, vol 18, pp 257–264īaker SM, Mann R (1992) Effects of hypoxia and anoxia on larval settlement, juvenile growth, and juvenile survival of the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Our findings indicate that predators can also affect oyster distribution, and their effects should be evaluated when developing plans for oyster management and restoration.Īndrews JD, Ray SM (1988) Management strategies to control the disease caused by Perkinsus marinus. Previous studies have shown that abiotic conditions influence oyster mortality and the success of restored oyster reefs. Oyster settlement was not statistically different between inter and subtidal areas, and abiotic conditions measured during the study did not exceed known tolerance limits for oysters. Further, oysters in subtidal areas allocated significantly more resources to shell growth than did those in intertidal areas, and oysters are known to grow heavier shells in response to predators. When protected from predators using cages, oyster survival significantly increased. Predation on oysters was significantly greater in subtidal as compared to intertidal habitats. We investigated oyster tidal distributions by transplanting newly settled oysters into intertidal and subtidal areas. Infection by Perkinsus marinus (Dermo) is common in the study area, but previous work suggests that infection rates do not increase when oysters are transplanted subtidally. Yet, in Corpus Christi Bay, oysters are absent from subtidal areas where hypoxia is not known to occur. Anecdotal evidence suggests that abiotic conditions, primarily hypoxia and salinity, as well as oyster disease, limits oysters to intertidal areas. The purpose of this study was to assess how predators and abiotic conditions affect oyster mortality and growth at different tidal elevations. In Corpus Christi Bay, TX, USA, eastern oysters ( Crassostrea virginica) are limited to intertidal habitats, while in adjacent estuaries, oysters not only grow subtidally, but thrive in these areas to the extent they are a viable commercial fishery. Biotic and abiotic conditions can separately and synergistically influence the abundance and distribution of species and create vertical zonation patterns in marine systems.
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